Exploring Microbial Valorisation of Organic Waste for Circular Bioeconomy beyond Plastics and Styrofoam: The Study of Akwa Ibom State

Abstract

This study explores microbial valorisation of organic waste (that constitute 40-60% of Nigeria's solid waste stream) for circular bioeconomy development beyond plastics and Styrofoam, using Akwa Ibom State as the study site. The paper employs mixed methods to evaluate technical feasibility, economic viability, and policy readiness of microbial bioconversion technologies, which can utilise 80% of 32 million tonnes, estimated at $2.5 billion of solid waste generated annually but largely mismanaged. Multi-Level Perspective on socio-technical transitions, Technological Innovation Systems, and Transition Management theories were fundamental in the analysis. Findings disclose that Nigeria's agricultural residues possess starch contents of 38-52% and microbial conversion efficiencies of 68-87% that are potent raw materials for biofuel, energy production ($45-70/tonne for biogas and biofertiliser as against $15-40/tonne for plastic recycling). This possesses a higher valorisation value per tonne for sustainable bioeconomy development. Comparatively, countries with integrated bioeconomy frameworks have achieved 40-60% waste valorisation rates, while Nigeria remains below 5%. The study proffers fixing infrastructure development, policy harmonisation, private sector engagement, and human capital investment as pertinent to unlock an estimated $2.5 billion annual circular economy potential for Nigeria, with Akwa Ibom State specifically recommended for pilot transition.